From 1965 to 1966, with the aid of the United States and other Western governments,[237][238][239][240][241] the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations, and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions. The United States was left as the world's only superpower. President Franklin D. Roosevelt used presidential authority to normalize relations in November 1933. [93], In early 1948, following reports of strengthening "reactionary elements", Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia, the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures. [321] The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983, a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release, was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis, as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent. [339] In addition, the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe. [308] The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed, in the number of troops in their ranks, and in the sheer size of their military–industrial base. [91], Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control, and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe. "[10][11], According to historian Spencer Tucker, the Allies felt, "The treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War. The Allied Powers and the Central Powers backed the White movement against the Bolsheviks during the 1918–1920 Russian Civil War, a fact not forgotten by the Soviets. In particular, Churchill feared that the United States might return to its prewar isolationism, leaving the exhausted European states unable to resist Soviet demands. In the American view, Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals, whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda. A main focus of this area is the Berlin Airlift. By 1950, equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6.7 million tons. [311], By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief, Muslim guerrillas, aided by the US, China, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan,[293] waged a fierce resistance against the invasion. [95], The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey. Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, president Carter began massively building up the United States military. The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when it was already suffering from economic stagnation. [134] In this way, this US would exercise "preponderant power," oppose neutrality, and establish global hegemony. By 1933, old fears of Communist threats had faded, and the American business community, as well as newspaper editors, were calling for diplomatic recognition. The Death of Franklin Roosevelt. Cambodia would become bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located on the border with Thailand. [145][146] In the South, the American-backed dictator Syngman Rhee ran a violently anticommunist and authoritarian regime. International trade interdependencies thus led to European economic stagnation and delayed the continent’s recovery for several years. Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement. [91] During this period, Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente. Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections (as they had done in the 1946 elections),[109] which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3% and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties. Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was "increasingly turning towards Communist influence. Start of the Cold War - The Berlin airlift and the creation of NATO. [115] The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self. [82] US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the "systematic destruction" of 1,200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China, including Moscow, East Berlin and Beijing, with their civilian populations among the primary targets. [131] Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan. [14] He set up an organization to promote sister revolutions worldwide, the Comintern. 65–79. Capitalism was a menace to the ideals of socialism, and capitalists could not be trusted or allowed to influence the Soviet people. [329] Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment. [S][366] The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II—by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries, with 526,000 troops stationed abroad,[367] with 326,000 in Europe (two-thirds of which were in West Germany)[368] and 130,000 in Asia (mainly Japan and South Korea). [280] These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. At the Yalta Conference of February 1945, Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin regarding Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and Reparations. [326] The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan, leading many outside observers to dub the war "the Soviets' Vietnam". [81] (The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin's wishes. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945. Part of a series on the [335][citation not found] A second summit was held in October 1986 in Reykjavík, Iceland. The antagonism between the Soviet Union and the West that came to be described as the “iron curtain” had various origins, including events going back to the Russian Revolution of 1917, disagreements during and immediately after WWII, and various annexations of Eastern European nations by the Soviet Union. The first phase of the Cold War began immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows“ (German – August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. [304][citation not found] Additionally, the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union. Kennan tried repeatedly to persuade policymakers to abandon plans for cooperation with the Soviet government in favor of a sphere of influence policy in Europe to reduce the Soviets’ power there. This effort primarily began as an attempt to avoid another war between Germany and France by economic cooperation and integration and as a common market for important natural resources. Following the Japanese surrender, on August 28, 1945, these committees formed the temporary national government of Korea, naming it the People's Republic of Korea (PRK) a couple of weeks later. This raised oil prices and hurt Western economies, but helped the Soviet Union by generating a huge flow of money from its oil sales. [195], Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista's fall, but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Castro during the latter's trip to Washington, DC in April, leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. The airliner had violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island, and the Soviets treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding US spy plane. [3], In The Observer of 10 March 1946, Orwell wrote, "after the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a 'cold war' on Britain and the British Empire. In early 1947, France, Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self-sufficient Germany, including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants, goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets. [121] The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October. Shortly after the attacks, Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan. "[290], In April 1978, the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution. In the 1960s–70s, an international peace movement took root among citizens around the world. Despite the previous international outcry at the Pol Pot regime's gross human rights violations, representatives of the Khmer Rouge were allowed to be seated in the UN General Assembly, with strong support from China, Western powers, and the member countries of ASEAN. [84] Moderate and conservative parties in Europe, as well as social democrats, gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance,[85] while European and American Communists, financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations,[86] adhered to Moscow's line, although dissent began to appear after 1956. "Der 19. [58][72], A week later, on 13 March, Stalin responded vigorously to the speech, saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English-speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination, and that such a declaration was "a call for war on the U.S.S.R." The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere. [42] In August 1957, the Soviets successfully launched the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM),[192] and in October they launched the first Earth satellite, Sputnik 1. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. [101] The CIA was also involved in European politics, especially in Italy. Allied during World War II, the U.S. and USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so-called because it never boiled over into open war between the two powers but was focused on espionage, political subversion, and proxy wars. 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