"[99], After months of aircraft bombing, direct artillery hits, near misses, and deliberate demolition attempts, the Ludendorff Bridge finally collapsed on 17 March at about 3:00 pm. Now they and the rest of First Army were instructed to hold once they reached the Ruhr-Frankfurt autobahn, about 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) from the bridge. The anti-aircraft units around the bridges did not report to the army, the Wehrkreis or the Waffen SS, but to the Luftwaffe. Bradley also told Hodges to limit the First Army's advance to 1,000 yards (910 m) per day with the goal of limiting the U.S. advance while preventing the German forces from consolidating their positions. First day covers were illustrated with images of the Ludendorff Bridge illustrating its capture. It opened for traffic at 11:00 pm that night,[21][65][82] and was reinforced the next day to carry heavier traffic. Within an inspection shaft in the west pier, the Germans placed 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) of explosives, and on the east pier they attached two charges of 300 kilograms (660 lb) to the girders connecting the bridge to the pier. The east bank has two similar dark towers. Henderson, 99th Infantry Division"[93]. Friesenhahn replied they had to get the order in writing from Scheller, who was at the other end of the 1,200-foot-long (370 m) tunnel that curved at almost 90° under Erpeler Ley. Other countries have issued stamps commemorating the bridge's capture, including Nicaragua, Guyana, Micronesia, and Republic of the Marshall Islands. To the south, Montgomery would be supported by Lt. Gen. Omar Bradley's 12th Army Group, including the First Army under the command of Lt. Gen. Courtney Hodges. The men who in the face of scattered fire and the great threat of the bridge blowing up under them, raced across and cut the wires have materially shortened a struggle in which every minute means lost lives. When the Ludendorff Bridge was captured on 7 March, Major Scheller tried to reach his superiors by radio and telephone, but neither was operational. He tried again and all they heard was the sound of American shells hitting the area around them. [12] Thirty minutes later, eight more Stukas attacked, this time straight along the river at 3,000 feet (910 m), without evasive action, and the anti-aircraft fire of the 90mm guns of 413th AAA Gun Battalion again brought down all of the aircraft. Bothmer grabbed a pistol belonging to a court official and committed suicide in the courtroom on 10 March. The battle for control of the Ludendorff Bridge caused both the American and German forces to employ new weapons and tactics in combat for the first time. Bayerlein, who had served as Gen. Erwin Rommel's chief of staff in Africa, was the former commander of the Panzer Lehr Division during the Battle of the Bulge. General George C. Marshall commented, "The bridgehead provided a serious threat to the heart of Germany, a diversion of incalculable value. The German General Staff was shocked that Hitler would order the use of the inaccurate weapons on German soil when they would very likely kill German citizens and troops. [14], The designers built cavities into the piers where demolition charges could be placed, but when the French occupied the Rhineland after World War I, they filled these cavities with concrete. One engineer commented, "While working on that bridge, we were just fugitives from the law of averages. The arch spanned 156 metres (512 ft) and at its highest measured 28 metres (92 ft) above the water. [100], The engineers working on the bridge first heard a long bang, like steel snapping, and then accompanied by the shrieking of broken metal, the center portion of bridge suddenly tipped into the Rhine, and the two end sections slumped off their piers. [8] Although accurate, it was slow. The entire battalion was awarded its second Presidential Unit Citation. The Remagen bridgehead causes the Führer much anxiety. German defensive policy did not include planning for defending rear areas in depth. Over the next 10 days, after its capture on 7 March 1945 and until its failure on 17 March, the Germans used virtually every weapon at their disposal to try to destroy the bridge. The radio unit got separated and Scheller didn't arrive until 11:15 am, less than two hours before the Americans. Founded in the 1stCentury AD, the German town of Remagen sits on the Rhine, south of the city of Bonn. Inside the tunnel, Bratge tried to round up all available men and organize an escape towards Osberg where they could form a counterattack, but were surprised to find the Americans had already gained control of both tunnel entrances. [37], Captain Bratge was in Remagen on the western approach to the bridge directing traffic onto the bridge. [6], On the right flank of the First Army south of Bonn, the 9th Armored Division moved swiftly, and the closer they got to the Rhine, the more quickly they advanced. But by then U.S. Army combat engineers had finished building a tactical steel treadway bridge and a heavy duty pontoon bridge followed by a Bailey bridge across the Rhine. The primary road network on the eastern side was severely limited, consisting of only a river road and two narrow mountain roads, any of which could be easily blocked by the Germans. It had been named after the World War I German General Erich Ludendorff, who had been a key proponent for building this bridge. Since it was built for military purposes, it had solidly built stone towers on either side of the rails on both banks, equipped with fighting loopholes and accommodations for up to a battalion of troops. [7][34], Hitler disciplined four other generals. 1-48 of 82 photos. [22][69] The unexpected attack across the Rhine allowed Eisenhower to change his plans to end the war. Other works that have depicted the battle include: Allied Bridgehead Forces (7–25 March 1945), German Bridgehead Forces (7–25 March 1945). [103], Another tactical bridge was constructed by the 254th Engineer Combat Battalion on 22 March, 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) upstream at Honningen. 1 2 Next » 1-48 of 82 photos. But the opportunity was too great to pass up. [85][86]:336–337, Of all the weapons used by the Germans to attack the bridge, only artillery did much damage. [64] Col. F. Russel Lyons, the III Corps engineer, said after the war that the Allies' ability to use the bridge saved the Allies two months and 35,000 casualties.[116]. On 12 September 1991, veterans of the American and German units were added to the "Golden Book" of the community of Erpel during a commemorative ceremony. The entire load of traffic, equipment and dead load were supported by the good downstream truss...it buckled completely under a load which of course it was not designed to carry. [2] Bratge ran to find Scheller, got the order in writing, and when he returned to tell Friesenhahn to detonate the charges, Friesenhahn in turn required Bratge to give him the order in writing. All units of CCB/9 AIB of the 9th Armored Division were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their actions in taking and defending the bridge. One missile struck the 284th Combat Engineers Command Post in Remagen at 12:20 pm, missing the bridge by about 270 meters (890 ft). [111] Historian and author Ken Hechler concluded that "the capture of the Ludendorff Bridge materially hastened the ending of the war". But will it happen?Director: John GuillerminWriters: Richard Yates (screenplay), William Roberts (screenplay)Stars: George Segal, Robert Vaughn, Ben GazzaraProduction CompaniesWolper Pictures (as A Production of Wolper Pictures, Ltd.)DistributorsUnited Artists (1969) (USA) (theatrical) (as United Artists An MGM Company)United Artists (1969) (West Germany) (theatrical)National Broadcasting Company (NBC) (1973) (USA) (TV)Audio Visual Enterprises (1987) (Greece) (VHS)Chapel Distribution (1997) (Australia) (theatrical)MGM Home Entertainment (1998) (USA) (VHS)Warner Home Video (1998) (Netherlands) (VHS)MGM/UA Home Entertainment (2000) (USA) (DVD)MGM Home Entertainment (2003) (Germany) (DVD)Nova Film (1970) (Netherlands) (theatrical)United Artists (1970) (Japan) (theatrical)Wood Knapp Video (USA) (VHS)Other CompaniesPanavision (filmed in) (as Panavision®)DeLuxe Laboratories (color by) (as Deluxe) Bratge yelled at Friesenhahn to blow up the bridge. [2] On 17 March, Batterie SS Abt. (English:) In memory of Major Hans Scheller, Major Herbert Strobel, Major August Kraft, Lieutenant Karl-Heinz Peters, fought for the Bridge at Remagen, innocently sentenced to death in Rimbach and Oberirsen, summarily shot on 13 and 14 March 1945. One street was marked by a sign: "This street subject to enemy shell fire," and dead GIs proved it was true. Yet without a moment's hesitation they rushed the bridge. [138], The 9th Infantry Division retained a foot-long piece of railroad track from the bridge as a memorial to what the division accomplished in its capture of the bridge. As we ran toward the bridge, we stepped and jumped over the dead and wounded. But he wanted all the honors passed on to a young lieutenant of the engineers, John W. Mitchell of Pittsburgh. [63] The Chief of Staff of the 9th ID, William Westmoreland later commented that, "So irresolute was the III Corps Commander, so lacking in confidence, that I feared for the safety of the bridgehead. The lack of fuel made moving forces difficult and the route to Remagen was jammed with traffic and subject to attack by American aircraft. On the other hand, the German Army clearly would have been beaten without it, perhaps just as quickly. The task force, part of Combat Command B, consisted of C Troop of the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron manning M8 Light Armored Cars and M3 Half-tracks; Company A of 27th Armored Infantry Battalion (27th AIB) equipped with M3 Half-tracks, commanded by Major Murray Deevers; one platoon of Company B, 9th Armored Engineer Battalion (9th AEB) led by Lt. Hugh Mott; and three companies of the 14th Tank Battalion (14th TB): Company A (led by 22-year-old Lt. Karl H. Timmermann); Company B (led by Lt. Jack Liedke); and Company C (led by Lt. William E. [6]:214[34] Timmermann called for artillery to fire on Erpel with burning white phosphorus shells to create a smoke screen. [114], Lt. Hugh Mott of the 2nd Platoon, Company B, 9th Armored Engineer Battalion, led Sergeant Eugene Dorland and Sergeant John A. Reynolds onto the bridge to remove live demolition charges while under fire. [32][40] It was one of three remaining bridges across the Rhine that the Germans had not yet blown up in advance of the Allied armies' advance. Adolf Hitler was incensed by the loss of the bridge. Over 25,000 troops crossed into Germany before the Americans broke out of the bridgehead on 25 March 1945. By then the Remagen bridgehead was 8 miles (13 km) deep and 25 miles (40 km) wide, including 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) of the vital Ruhr-Frankfurt autobahn. [22]:558[23]:71[5], By 24 March, the U.S. First Army had "three corps, six infantry divisions, and three armored divisions across the Rhine River". His wife was already dead and his son had been killed in the war. The foot soldiers dodged around discarded equipment, weapons, helmets, and packs. We took cover in some bomb craters. On 9 March Bradley told General Hodges to attack to a maximum width of 40 km (25 mi) and a depth of 16 km (9.9 mi). The LCVPs were especially useful because they could ferry 32 men across the river in seven minutes, faster than they could walk across the bridge. Patton demanded to be let through, and when Hyde refused, Patton asked for Hyde's name. [144], (German:) Friede Ohne Freiheit Ist Kein Friede —Konrad Adenauer. Kraft, commander of III Landes Pi Battalion, had laid the charges on the Remagen bridge. [38], The German defensive doctrine called for positioning the majority of forces at the front lines, leaving minimal troops to reinforce rear areas. Plans for Operation Plunder had begun in England in August 1944,[25] almost since Operation Market Garden failed. A German forward artillery observer had infiltrated Remagen, enhancing their artillery's accuracy. In many instances, bridges were blown in rear areas by high-ranking officers, thereby crippling the German war effort, but clearing the individual of responsibility for an unblown bridge. [128][129] Hyde implemented established rigid traffic patterns to maintain a constant flow of vehicles and troops for more than 15 days. Who does not live in honor will die in shame. The Americans had by then advanced so far up the Rhine that the swimmers had to enter the river 17 kilometers (11 mi) upstream from the bridge. The official history "U.S. Army in World War II - European Theatre of Operations" states:[118]. The weapon itself weighed 124 t (137 short tons; 122 long tons) and fired a shell weighing up to 2,170 kg (4,780 lb). The 200 yards (180 m) long approach ramp to the bridge was so exposed to German artillery, who successfully and repeatedly killed soldiers and destroyed equipment lined up to cross the bridge, that the GIs nicknamed it "Dead Man's Corner". [72] But the 11th Panzer was 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the north in Düsseldorf. The Bridge at Remagen. He later reported: The bridge was rotten throughout, many members not cut had internal fractures from our own bombing, German artillery, and from the German demolitions. Scheller concluded the bridge could not be defended and was ready to destroy it when Lieutenant Karl Peters pleaded for extra time to get his unit across the bridge. When the 9th and 11th Panzer finally attacked the American 311th Regiment at Bad Honnef 4 miles (6.4 km) downstream from Remagen on 11 March, they were ineffective and consumed dwindling supplies of gasoline without result.[6][74]. Eugene Dorland and Sgt. [34] Once on the bridge, the American infantry came under fire from German snipers on a partially submerged boat on the east bank and MG 42 machine gun fire from the eastern towers of the bridge, as well as from houses in Erpel. [7] Hoge had no intelligence on the number and size of German forces on the east bank. [115] Another author credited the operation with shortening the war in Europe by approximately six months. One soldier said it was "hard to walk without tripping over the wounded and dead". The upstream truss was actually useless. Hitler was angered by this incident and ordered those "responsible" for the destruction of the Mulheim Bridge to be court-martialed. The executioners emptied their pockets, tore up the family letters, covered their bodies with a few shovel-fulls of dirt, and left them where they fell. [56], Official orders were passed to Hoge to seize the bridge. If his gamble failed, Hoge risked a court-martial. [32][97] They were supported by the 988th and 998th Engineer Treadway Bridge Companies. Zangen believed that the Rhine River towns of Sinzig and Remagen were likely targets of Hodges' First Army. Those present said it felt like an earthquake. [19] More bombers struck at the bridge during raids in January and February 1945. [14], On the 17th anniversary of the capture of the bridge on 7 March 1962, a few veterans of both sides of the battle commemorated the event, attended by about 400 townspeople and students. He looked for Scheller and found he had already escaped out the far end of the tunnel.[2]. [10] He visited the Rhineland to inspect the troops and on 5 March found that the Ludendorff Bridge was defended by only 36 men, most of them convalescents recovering from injuries, along with a few engineers and anti-aircraft gun crews. Hoge risked losing men if the Germans allowed U.S. forces to cross before destroying it and isolating the American troops on the east bank. [57], Soon after its capture, a large sign was erected at the bridges entrance which read "Cross the Rhine with dry feet-courtesy of the 9th Armored Division. [32], Company commander 2d Lt. Timmermann led an under-strength squad of men from the 27 AIB onto the west side of the bridge, despite the risk that the bridge could be destroyed with them on it. Sign up. [7]:214[45] Scheller knew artillery was in short supply and held up blowing the charges. (English:) Peace Without Freedom Is Not Peace —Konrad Adenauer. It was their first and only use against a tactical target[2][22]:553 and the only time they were fired on a German target during the war. [6], Bayerlein wanted to wait for all of the units to arrive and attack in force, but Model countermanded him and required him to counterattack immediately with what units he had on hand. "[34], Kesselring and Model sent out a special dispatch on 18 March to every unit in the German military describing the executions. [26], On 1 March 1945, of the 22 road and 25 railroad bridges across the Rhine, only four remained standing: the Hohenzollern Bridge in Cologne (destroyed by the Germans on 6 March); the Rhine Bridge at Bonn [de] (blown up by the Germans on the evening of 8 March); and the Crown Prince Wilhelm Bridge [de] at Urmitz (destroyed by the Germans on 9 March); the Americans would capture the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen on 7 March. Had the Americans not found a weak spot enabling them to cross the Rhine they probably would have swung forthwith against the Moselle. [22], After the U.S. Army captured the bridge, during the next week they lined up anti-aircraft artillery of every description, virtually bumper to bumper to protect the bridgehead. [61][62] Rooney rated the capture of the bridge as one of the top five events of the entire European war, alongside D-Day. Search. He also requested without success laborers, additional explosives, radios, and signal equipment. [32]:68[6][73] From 10 to 13 March, the German forces included mostly the remains of 11 divisions. The bridge was finished in 1943 as the longest concrete arch bridge in the world until 1964. "First GI to Cross Rhine Unterrified", "V-2s on Remagen; Attacks on the Ludendorff Bridge", Charles B. MacDonald A Rhine Bridge at Remagen p. 230 gives casualties as 28 killed/93 injured, "Two General Apart: Patton and Eisenhower", "The Remagen Bridgehead: A Decisive Victory for AAA Soldiers", "George Rogers and the Bridge at Remagen", "The Roman Occupation of Southwest Germany", "The Remagen Bridgehead: The Significance of Actions Taken by United States and German Forces Between 7 and 17 March 1945 (Research)", "The Bridge at Remagen The Ludendorff Bridge", "Today in World War II History – March 6, 1945", "The Remagen Bridgehead, March 7–17, 1945", "The 9th: The Story of the 9th Armored Division", > Assault on Ludendorff Bridge: The First Allied Crossing of the Rhine, "A Path Across the Rhine: The Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen March 1945", "Information about the actual M26 Pershing", "Interview with Ken Hechler, WWII Historian, Author of, "Capturing the Bridge at Remagen, 1945 – Crossing the Rhine River", "Engineer Memoirs General William M. Hoge", "Writing for Stripes defined Rooney's life", "Leap Off 404th Fighter Group Combat History", "Encounter at Remagen U.S. Air Ace's Brush With Death", "The Personal Memoirs of General Frank Camm Jr", "Der 7. He found Captain Willi Bratge, one of two officers who had not been executed at Hitler's orders because he had been captured, and spent a week with him in the Remagen area learning about details of the battle. The Allies encountered heavy resistance in places and received fire from small arms, self-propelled weapons, mortars, and artillery. Allied journalists called the capture of this bridge the "Miracle of Remagen". [109] The Allied breakout ended any hope the Germans had to reassert control of the area east of Remagen. On 15 March, engineers determined that the Ludendorff Bridge had sagged about 6 to 12 in (15 to 30 cm) and decided that extensive work would be needed before it would be ready for use. 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