[465] Jenkins points out, however, that although Churchill was excited and exhilarated by war, he was never indifferent to the suffering it causes. Churchill insisted that he did not need bed rest and, two days later, journeyed on to Ottawa by train where he gave a speech to the Canadian Parliament that included the "some chicken, some neck" line in which he recalled French predictions in 1940 that "Britain alone would have her neck wrung like a chicken". Churchill believed that Eisenhower did not fully comprehend the danger posed by the H-bomb and he greatly distrusted Eisenhower's Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles. [242] He embarked on a lecture tour of North America, hoping to recoup financial losses sustained in the Wall Street Crash. [213], After the 1923 general election was called, seven Liberal associations asked Churchill to stand as their candidate, and he selected Leicester West, but he did not win the seat. He had a lateral lisp and was unable to pronounce the letter s, verbalising it with a slur. In one 1898 letter to her, he referred to his religious beliefs, saying: "I do not accept the Christian or any other form of religious belief". He relieved the tedium of army life in India by a program of reading designed to repair the deficiencies of Harrow and Sandhurst, and in 1899 he resigned his commission to enter politics and make a living by his pen. Churchill, always the imperialist, believed that Britain's position as a world power depended on the empire's continued existence. [385], Churchill mishandled the election campaign by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour. [138] In January 1911, Churchill became involved in the Siege of Sidney Street; three Latvian burglars had killed several police officers and hidden in a house in London's East End, which was surrounded by police. [316] It was for this reason that Churchill was relieved when Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940. [254] Two of his nephews, Esmond and Giles Romilly, fought as volunteers in the International Brigades in defence of the legitimate Republican government. His desire to marry an American divorcee, Wallis Simpson, caused the abdication crisis. [500] In 1955, Churchill expressed his support for the slogan "Keep England White" because he opposed immigration from the West Indies. He adds that the area bombing campaign was no more reprehensible than President Truman's use of the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki six months later. While fighting in Sudan, Churchill studied old parliamentary debates and invented contributions of his own. Winston Churchill, in full Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, (born November 30, 1874, Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England—died January 24, 1965, London), British statesman, orator, and author who as prime minister (1940–45, 1951–55) rallied the British people during World War II and led his country from the brink of defeat to victory. He and his cousin, the 9th Duke of Marlborough, demanded and received the surrender of 52 Boer prison camp guards. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [132], In the summer of 1910, Churchill had to deal with the Tonypandy Riot, in which coal miners in the Rhondda Valley violently protested against their working conditions. [78], In May 1904, Churchill opposed the government's proposed Aliens Bill, designed to curb Jewish migration into Britain. Why some people have accused the wartime PM of racism after his London statue was defaced", "Books, Arts & Curiosities – The Long and short of Churchill Biographies", "Revealed: secret affair with a socialite that nearly wrecked Churchill's career", Churchill College Biography of Winston Churchill, Winston Churchill's essay on Alien Life (c. 1939), Winston Churchill's essay on Evolution (c. 1939/1950s), Online gallery of Churchill's numerous oil paintings, 190 artworks by or after Winston Churchill, BBC Radio 4: Great Lives – Winston Churchill (listen online), EarthStation1: Winston Churchill Speech Audio Archive, Collected Churchill Podcasts and speeches, Amateur colour film footage of Churchill's funeral, contributions in Parliament by Winston Churchill, "Archival material relating to Winston Churchill", Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections, The International Churchill Society (ICS), Locations of correspondence and papers of Churchill, Newspaper clippings about Winston Churchill, Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Never was so much owed by so many to so few, Defence Secretaries of the United Kingdom, Organisations associated with the Conservative Party, Conservative National Property Advisory Committee, European Conservatives and Reformists Party, European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill&oldid=1018008543, 20th-century Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the Mahdist War, British military personnel of the Malakand Frontier War, British prisoners of war of the Second Boer War, Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom, Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Conservative Party Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States), Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England, Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Grand Crosses of the Order of the Oak Crown, Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom), Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour, Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Lancashire, Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dundee constituencies, Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940, Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945, Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945, Ministers in the third Churchill government, 1951–1955, National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians, People educated at St. George's School, Ascot, Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France), Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium), Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Order of the Star of Nepal, Recipients of the Order of the White Lion, Secretaries of State for the Home Department, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 April 2021, at 20:12. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere. The English statesman and author Sir Winston Churchill led Britain during World War II (1939–45) and is often described as the "savior of his country." [31], Interested in British parliamentary affairs,[32] he declared himself "a Liberal in all but name", adding that he could never endorse the Liberal Party's support for Irish home rule. [261], In May 1937, Baldwin resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Neville Chamberlain. [90] Churchill's first task was helping to draft a constitution for the Transvaal;[91] and he helped oversee the formation of a government in the Orange Free State. [129], One of the major domestic issues in Britain was women's suffrage. His campaigning in the two general elections of 1910 and in the House of Commons during the passage of the Parliament Act of 1911, which curbed the House of Lords’ powers, won him wide popular acclaim. Elected a Conservative MP in 1900, he defected to the Liberals in 1904. [377], On 7 May 1945 at the SHAEF headquarters in Reims the Allies accepted Germany's surrender. We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. [211], In September 1922, Churchill's fifth and last child, Mary, was born, and in the same month he purchased Chartwell, in Kent, which became his family home for the rest of his lifetime. The Beveridge Report with its five "Giant Evils" was published in November 1942 and assumed great importance amid widespread popular acclaim. [229], In the 1929 general election, Churchill retained his Epping seat but the Conservatives were defeated and MacDonald formed his second Labour government. He used either "Winston S. Churchill" or "Winston Spencer Churchill" as his pen name to avoid confusion with the American novelist of the same name, with whom he struck up a friendly correspondence. [346], The most important conference of the year was soon afterwards (28 November to 1 December) at Tehran (codename Eureka), where Churchill and Roosevelt met Stalin in the first of the "Big Three" meetings, preceding those at Yalta and Potsdam in 1945. [48] Although the Oldham seats had previously been held by the Conservatives, the result was a narrow Liberal victory. It starred Winston Churchill, played by Ian McNeice. Although he risked life and limb as a young man, it was in the First World War (1914-18) that he perhaps took most risks, both personal and political. [266] He began calling for a mutual defence pact among European states threatened by German expansionism, arguing that this was the only way to halt Hitler. [144] In response to escalating civil strife in 1911, Churchill sent troops into Liverpool to quell protesting dockers and rallied against a national railway strike. He eventually made it to safety in Portuguese East Africa. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Stalin was desperate for the Allies to open the Second Front in Europe, as Churchill had discussed with Molotov in May, and the answer was the same. [349], In the autumn of 1942, after Churchill's meeting with Stalin in Moscow, he was approached by Eisenhower, commanding North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA), and his aides on the subject of where the Western Allies should launch their first strike in Europe. The interwar years saw Churchill again ‘cross the floor’ from the Liberals, back to the Conservative Party. Clementine and daughter Mary had been at the count in Woodford, Churchill's new constituency in Essex, and had returned to Downing Street to meet him for lunch. [20] In the autumn of 1895, he and his friend Reggie Barnes, then a subaltern, went to Cuba to observe the war of independence and became involved in skirmishes after joining Spanish troops attempting to suppress independence fighters. In their respective diaries, Colville said Churchill had broadcast "indifferently" and Harold Nicolson said that, to many people, Churchill came across the air as "a worn and petulant old man". [202], In the Irish War of Independence, he supported the use of the para-military Black and Tans to combat Irish revolutionaries. At Harrow School, Winston Churchill’s conspicuously poor academic record provoked his father’s decision to enter him into an army career. [330] More bad news had come on 11 February as the Kriegsmarine pulled off its audacious "Channel Dash", a massive blow to British naval prestige. [336] The Axis advance was eventually halted at the First Battle of El Alamein in July and the Battle of Alam el Halfa in early September. A self-assurance redeemed from arrogance only by a kind of boyish charm made Churchill from the first a notable House of Commons figure, but a speech defect, which he never wholly lost, combined with a certain psychological inhibition to prevent him from immediately becoming a master of debate. Finney and Oldman won major awards for their performances as Churchill. While Churchill was in Tunis, he became seriously ill with atrial fibrillation and was forced to remain until after Christmas while a succession of specialists were drafted in to ensure his recovery. ... worked and slept in the Cabinet War Rooms. [54] His escape attracted much publicity. John Lithgow played Churchill in The Crown (2016–2019). [329], Meanwhile, the Japanese had occupied most of Burma by the end of April 1942. [260] Afterwards, although Churchill immediately pledged loyalty to George VI, he wrote that the abdication was "premature and probably quite unnecessary". [451] His output included a novel, two biographies, three volumes of memoirs, several histories, and numerous press articles. [47] While campaigning in Oldham, Churchill referred to himself as "a Conservative and a Tory Democrat". Afterwards, two of the burglars were found dead. [57] Throughout the war, he had publicly chastised anti-Boer prejudices, calling for them to be treated with "generosity and tolerance",[58] and after the war he urged the British to be magnanimous in victory. Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924, Churchill was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and represented a total of five constituencies. [498][better source needed] Addison argued that Churchill opposed anti-Semitism and would never have tried "to stoke up racial animosity against immigrants, or to persecute minorities". was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs.From a gentry family, he served first as a page at the court of the House of Stuart under James, Duke of York, through the 1670s and early … The total was far in excess of expectations and it gave rise to a popular view that Dunkirk had been a miracle, and even a victory. [504][507] During an interview in 1902, while discussing his views on the Chinese, Churchill stated that the "great barbaric nations" would "menace civilised nations", but "the Aryan stock is bound to triumph". [256] In December 1934, the India Bill entered Parliament and was passed in February 1935. After the war, Clark still agreed that Churchill's analysis was correct but he added that, when the Allies landed at Salerno, they found that Italy was "a tough old gut". [95], Asquith succeeded Campbell-Bannerman on 8 April 1908 and, four days later, Churchill was appointed President of the Board of Trade. Original Air Date: 25 October 1981In 1929, Winston Churchill believed that his political career was finished. Eden later described his performance as "appalling", saying that he was unprepared and verbose. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In Churchill’s veins ran the blood of both of the English-speaking peoples whose unity, in peace and war, it was to be a constant purpose of his to promote. Talking to Hanfstaengl, Churchill raised concerns about Hitler's anti-Semitism and, probably because of that, missed the opportunity to meet his future enemy. Churchill was determined to fight back and ordered the commencement of the Western Desert campaign on 11 June, an immediate response to the Italian declaration of war. Counter-offensives were hampered by the monsoon season and by disordered conditions in Bengal and Bihar, as well as a severe cyclone which devastated the region in October 1942. [327] In the Far East, the news was much worse with Japanese advances in all theatres, especially at sea and in Malaya. Churchill was American on his mother's side and his relationship with Franklin D. Roosevelt, the American President, proved of utmost importance. [24], In India, Churchill began a self-education project,[25] reading a range of authors including Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin and Thomas Babington Macaulay. While he was in hospital, the Conservatives withdrew from Lloyd George's coalition government, precipitating the November 1922 general election, in which Churchill lost his Dundee seat. He led the Conservative Party back to office in 1951 and remained prime minister until 1955, when ill health forced his resignation. 63,220 were here. Through his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, the meteoric Tory politician, he was directly descended from John Churchill, 1st duke of Marlborough, the hero of the wars against Louis XIV of France in the early 18th century. Plan a visit: https://bit.ly/2SRK6ti. In the mid-1930s, he railed in Parliament against Germany's build-up of their war capabilities, but his warnings seemed to fall on deaf ears. [216] A Labour government led by Ramsay MacDonald took power. [280], In the early hours of 10 May, German forces invaded Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands as a prelude to their assault on France. Molotov was also seeking a Second Front in Europe but all Churchill could do was confirm that preparations were in progress and make no promises on a date. Much to Churchill's private dismay, agreement was reached in October 1954 on the phased evacuation of British troops from their Suez base. [172] Approval was given and, in March 1915, an Anglo-French task force attempted a naval bombardment of Turkish defences in the Dardanelles. [392][393][394][395] Many reasons have been given for Churchill's defeat, key among them being that a desire for post-war reform was widespread amongst the population and that the man who had led Britain in war was not seen as the man to lead the nation in peace. Indeed, catching a lucky break played a significant part throughout Churchill’s years as leader. [15] He was accepted as a cadet in the cavalry, starting in September 1893. Logged in users can submit quotes. [61] In the same month, he published Ian Hamilton's March, a book about his South African experiences,[62][63] which became the focus of a lecture tour in November through Britain, America and Canada. His early books, written before he reached age 26, were "The Story of the Malakand Field Force" (1898), "The River War" (1899), "Savrola" (1900), "London to Ladysmith" (1900), and "Ian Hamilton’s March" (1900). [157] In June 1914, he convinced the House of Commons to authorise the government purchase of a 51 percent share in the profits of oil produced by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, to secure continued oil access for the Royal Navy. [152], Churchill pushed for higher pay and greater recreational facilities for naval staff,[153] an increase in the building of submarines,[154] and a renewed focus on the Royal Naval Air Service, encouraging them to experiment with how aircraft could be used for military purposes. [454], As well as writing, Churchill became an accomplished amateur artist after his resignation from the Admiralty in 1915. [369][370], On the nights of 13–15 February 1945, some 1,200 British and US bombers attacked the German city of Dresden, which was crowded with wounded and refugees from the Eastern Front. As First Lord of the Admiralty during the First World War, he oversaw the Gallipoli Campaign but, after it proved a disaster, he was demoted to Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. [354] Churchill never fully lost his apprehension about the invasion, however, and underwent great fluctuation of mood as D-Day approached. In early 1941, however, Mussolini requested German support and Hitler sent the Afrika Korps to Tripoli under the command of Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel, who arrived not long after Churchill had halted Compass so that he could reassign forces to Greece where the Balkans campaign was entering a critical phase. US Secretary of State Cordell Hull also opposed it and convinced Roosevelt that it was infeasible. 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Ernst Hanfstaengl, a Ruritanian romance next ten years the 24th, would! Put his proposals efficiently through the Cabinet war Rooms Churchill would emerge from the Palace to Whitehall where addressed... To become Sir Winston enhanced Churchill 's writing career Churchill always self-confidently believed to... In practice, these five were augmented by the affection of Mrs. Everest his. The subtitle is anachronistic, since Churchill was appointed Minister of defence Washington in!
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