I have read many of the articles mentioned and also searched specifically for whether the muscle cells themselves express the Spike protein but did not find anything that suggests that (you mention ‘muscle tissue’ which does not necessarily mean muscle cells). I’m sure there’s something I’m not completely understanding about the mechanism, but if the muscle cells are producing the spike protein (which ends up on the surface of the cell), is there a chance that immune cells may learn to attack healthy muscle cells elsewhere in the body, leading to some kind of autoimmune condition? Required fields are marked *. According to Lowe, some steps of the production process can be accelerated fairly easily. In this mouse model, the mRNA hit the hepatocytes and caused them to make plenty of luciferase, but not for long: at Day 1, the livers were lit up like a used car lot, but by Day 3, everything was gone. . Even people who lose a very substantial amount of muscle tissue through, for example, being comatose, manage to gain it back in time. Presentation on MHCs allows to immune system to interact with the protein. How much and how quickly you gain or lose is governed mostly by hormone levels (obviously), age, genetic luck and diet. sourcing it from the exact same place, likely as not somewhere back in China. None of these have been stupid ideas (far from it) but some of them work better than others, and the current lipid nanoparticle ones are the current state of the art – the LNPs themselves activate the innate immune system, but in a way that doesn’t seem to trigger too much of a self-defeating cytokine response. 6 While I am sympathetic to complex supply chain issues, and those problems are to some degree inevitable and not solvable with DPA or the like, what I am not sympathetic to is how much of this remains secretive. The only effects I know of would be extremely minimal due to the cell needing to divert some resources (amino acids, tRNAs, ribosomes) towards producing the spike, but the spike protein isn’t going to do anything inside the cell. While expressed luciferase can be prompted to glow, that light doesn’t penetrate infinitely through tissues. Or are we permanently losing muscle and liver tissue each time we inject an mRNA vaccine? .hide-if-no-js { But anyone who’s had to source intermediates or starting materials in the drug business at any kind of scale will appreciate that the fastest way to find out what those weak points are is to place a Big Ol’ Order for something. Ironically, the Biblical reference isn’t to Satan at all, but to the king of Babylon (possibly Nebuchadnezzar) as clearly indicated at the start of the passage. If I remember y muscle physiology correctly, the number of cells comprising a muscle are relatively fixed from birth. probability of dose/event becomes Are the mRNA vaccines safe for such people? Step Two: Produce that mRNA … Great questions. mRNA Vaccines: What Happens at the Cellular Level. This is generally done in bacterial culture. Hmm. as above, probability of dose/event becomes = 1062649/422350/76484), “Since as you have noted that the VAERS data is difficult to deconvolute from conflating variables at the present time, we can take the number in its entirety to give the upper most morbid bound.”. Striated muscle is a little odd in that cells fuse into multinucleated syncytia (so how one counts muscle cells is kinda fuzzy). I have seen pictures circulating of people who have received their covid-19 vaccine subcutaneously instead of intramuscular (administrator error). It would be interesting to have more data from humans so we can better understand the process. It is not totally obvious how you strike that balance, though: the innate immune system works through a whole army of receptors – a long list of toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I and the other pattern-recognition receptors and proteins, such as MDA5, LGP2 and more. This is unlikely to be a problem. and the BBB? setTimeout( mRNA vaccination was in exactly the right stage for things to take off with a good expectation of success. Does the muscle cell die and release the spikes, like it would if it were infected with a virus or do the spikes leak out through a natural process? The total amount of protein produced was also estimated in the 2015 paper, and it turns out that the i.v. Is it better get the shot in the shoulder that is on the same side as the spleen or does it not make a difference? What happens to the cells involved in the production of the antigen? I would be interested in your comments on vaccine transmission, particularly this study that came out today where everyone was regularly tested: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3790399. Suppose that’s 32.5 million people (in reality it will be more). However, it was about twice as common in Britain. There is an entire transport system that diverts copies of proteins made in a cell to MHCs so they can be displayed outside the cell. It was the best lipid company in the 1970s. Maybe they were worried about how the Lucifer Lunatics would run with the earlier statement. What would you recommend to a “Hairy Cell Leukemia” patient in remission, 2 years after Rituximab? We had a daily symptom daily for 14 days followed by weekly entries on a phone app. mRNA is not exceptionally stable and will degrade relatively quickly; in addition to this, there are enzymes within a cell designed to break down and recycle mRNA. Congrats for your great blog. For instance, producing DNA and transcribing it to mRNA — the first two steps of the process — is not holding up production. That might sound too happy and rosy, but there’s something to this take as well. If you remember Tina Turner’s 1986 song “Overnight Sensation”, you’ll have the right idea: after years (decades) of hard work, false starts, and expensive lessons learned, mRNA vaccines for infectious disease were finally ready to come out of nowhere. Just as we did in the UK a century ago: Let me finish off with another paean to experimentation. As soon as we got up, someone (a Latino wouldn’t you know) zoomed over and sterilized the chair. I’m sure the enzyme “luciferase” won’t cause any concerns, either. After my second Pfizer dose my whole arm mess sore for about 48 hours. – The raw materials supply chain also has been shrouded in secrecy relating to proprietary licensing deals and contract manufacturing arrangements. Rev. They have not released that information though, correct? When they get sick, they will either get well get some level of immunity, or die, and that will solve the issue. I am a Pfizer trial participant. For glowing green you need GFP, not Luciferase. Hope it will help. RNA vaccines work differently: They inject the RNA instructions that our cells use to produce proteins. – TriLink, through the parent company, declined to comment. }, 2+2=? Many pictures of arms being squeezed during injection with subcutaneous administration probable. Can the lipids get through the BBB? notice.style.display = "block"; deaths/life-threatening/hospitalizations = 799/610/1851”. 3 There may even be a subpopulation of muscle cells whose membranes were mechanically disrupted by the injection that make most of the protein. A complete manufacturing campaign is measured in months. For intramuscular use Another practical problem is that the detectors built for this are sized for lab animals. I am the root and descendant of David, the bright morning star.”. Take a look at the paper ‘Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies’ by Thomas Schlake et al. I have my antibodies drawn first week of February and every 6 months for 2 years. Immune system remodeling has very little to do with it. Fascinating. These days you don’t have to settle for one color. It will be simple to compare response to the vaccine and antibody levels. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Derek Lowe Science Magazine January 22, 2021. That team gets eaten up by all kinds of things: what sorts of purification are needed before the next step can be run, what the batch-versus-continuous-processing landscape is like, what scale the chemistry can be done at in the first place, and how that matches up with the sheer physical capacity of the plants doing the work. are strictly my own – I don’t in any way speak for my employer (or anyone else). There was great article about routes of administration in rodents that concluded there was not much difference in absorption between IM, SC and ID (intradermal). Small impurities can make a big difference and most of the common chemical vendors wouldn’t supply better than 90% purity. I continue to be thrilled that the vaccines work, and work as well as they do, and I will be rolling up my sleeve for them the first chance I get. It seems that it took roughly an entire year for a mutation to emerge that affects the actual structure of the surface proteins. Covid-19 is the causative agent for all 536566 deaths and the Covid-19 vaccine is the causative agent for all 799 vaccine deaths. By Derek Lowe 11 January, 2021. The takeaway is that there are some bottlenecks in the process that require complex manufacturing technology that can't be easily put in operation by just sharing the formula. With a traditional “killed” vaccine, the antigen is presented only on professional APCs, and the adjuvant has to be added. My wife was just saying that it’s too bad that we don’t have a luciferase-style readout built in for us humans as well – she’s enthusiastic about being able to watch a green glow coming from under her skin to know that the vaccine is doing its job, but freely admits that this would probably set off a lot of lunatic conspiracy theories as well. I see that JW Ulm’s very detailed concerns and the thread following, have been removed. A lot of that work has to be done empirically, which is why we’ve seen so many RNA and DNA formulation ideas over the years. This 2017 paper from the Karolinska Institute, working with GSK, demonstrates this with GSK’s well-known vaccine adjuvant. I’ve linked to this review before (open access), but it’ll give you an idea of how long all this has been in the works. I was driving home from the beach last night on I-40 and heard Derek on NPR. Best regards from Switzerland. The work that had been done over the years on formulations, RNA modifications and other techniques was paying off just in time for the current pandemic. Studies from Israel, the UK, and Scotland all show that, as well as early US data. It focuses on Acuitas, who make the two proprietary lipids that are used in the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. Both times we were there, the vaccinees were almost all Caucasian, a disaster in the making. The paper goes into detail on the rise in the number of germinal centers in the draining lymph nodes, the exact location of all that B-cell selection and the corresponding antibody changes, which argues strongly that the antibody improvements mentioned in yesterday’s post will occur after mRNA vaccination as well. What, if any, effectiveness might the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have if given subcutaneously? – The cell does have to use some of its finite supply to energy to make spike, so it obviously isn’t doing everything it was doing before. Does the vaccine effect any other functions of the cell, metabolism, reproduction, etc? Does the muscle cell die and release the spikes, like it would if it were infected with a virus or do the spikes leak out through a natural process? Thank you! if ( notice ) There might be something tricky about the addition of a particular reagent – it’s corrosive unless you use certain alloys, or has to be warmed up to flow reliably and not all your reactors have that capability, or it doesn’t mix easily when it goes into the bulk reaction, or maybe something is theoretically available from several suppliers, but only one of them can furnish it in the sort of pellets that work best on scale. US version: function() { Thank you for being a trial volunteer! went straight down to the liver, which is not a surprise. If you want to argue that for some the latter is the case, you’ll have to present a much better analysis than the one above. ” post, rather than to a Washington Post article. If these companies won’t help our collective effort to figure out the bottlenecks, they should be called up in front of Congressional committees and forced to divulge. By contrast, this newer type of vaccine relies on messenger RNA, molecules that play a vital role in human biology, by putting DNA instructions into action and guiding cells on how to make proteins. – The production problems — which the companies have declined to discuss in any detail — underlie the difficulty of the quest for vaccine shots Acad. Some people have allergic reactions to PEG. I’ve been a little behind in following him, and he’s been quite prolific lately (as befits the circumstances). in RNA Biology (www.landesbioscience.com) and also the paper ‘Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection’ by Robert Malone et al. 65000000 doses administered, assume undereporting by 2x (low) and 10x (high), Both the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are being given i.m., so if you’d like to know what parts of your body are producing the coronavirus Spike protein antigen, the answer seems to be the muscle tissue at the site of injection, the lymphatic tissue downstream in your armpit on that side, your spleen, and (for the first day or two) your liver. Though I am amused by the number of people jokingly (I hope) saying “I got the vaccine, how long until I grow the extra toes?”. “Vaccination Against The New Variants: Real-World Data” tackles the thorny problems posed by the B.1.1.7 (UK) and B.1.351 (South African) variants. I told my wife, “I know who that guy is”. https://twitter.com/CyrilPedia/status/1352978140071657482. And yet you say just because these deaths are “temporally associated”, that the vaccine is “the causative agent”! The mRNA in the cytoplasm then codes for a small piece of … The question about getting vaccinated is the same for a healthy young person as for an elderly frail person: Am I more likely to die from Covid-19, which I will almost certainly contract eventually if not vaccinated, or am I more likely to die from the vaccine? These lipids involve multistep syntheses, and that’s just going to chew up time no matter what. Current thought in the molecular imaging community is if you’re going to pull out cells and genetically manipulate them before reinjecting, might as well put non-immunogenic trackers in them (fluorescent, bioluminescent and PET when possible). if ( notice ) × Or the product is especially thick and viscous and is thus harder to transfer and purify. notice.style.display = "block"; © 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. If you don’t understand the DNA vs RNA statement go read the wikipedia entry about Protein Biosynthesis. The bulk of the Spike that you’re going to make is probably made in the first two or three days, anyway, from what we can see from the animal models. are getting vaccinated in the US with the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines, … In this case, you see protein production at the injection site, in the downstream lymph nodes, and (coming in third), in the spleen (also good news from the immunologic view), and then the liver. You’d like to have the innate system in play, but if you set it off too strongly with either an mRNA or viral vector vaccine, you can actually damage your total antigen production (and the subsequent adaptive antibody response) due to attacks on the vaccine species themselves. Among the interesting things you can uncover with that experiment is that what looks like several suppliers for Important Ingredient X are nothing of the kind, because they’re all (surprise!) Based on that test, the company designs an individually tailored mRNA vaccine, which tells the patient’s cells to produce proteins associated with that specific tumor’s specific mutation. These things relate in mysterious ways. Excellent article.. Is it better to get the second shot in the same shoulder as the first shot or does it not make a difference? It pretty much faded out in both countries by 1920. Given the current data, only a fool would make claims that the vaccine is not safe and effective, compared to the risk of covid, at least in older people. This is all very lovely, but vaccines won’t work unless people take them. 22:16″ I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify to you about these things for the churches. You say that is after 65 million doses of the vaccine. If the muscle cell survives how long does it keep making spikes and why doesn’t it keep making spikes for the life of the cell? What proportion of the ribosomes are hijacked by the vaccine mRNA depends on the number of vaccine mRNA strands that enter a cell (how many are in lipid-mRNA nanoparticle? That does sound delightful. That effect definitely happens with the Chinese suppliers themselves – a list of supposed sources across southern China will turn out, on closer inspection, to resolve to a single shop out in Chengdu or (even more worryingly) a bunch of drums in a warehouse near Shanghai from a big manufacturing overrun a few years back. One thing to note is that such vaccines can have rather different effects if administered through different routes. JW Ulm’s query regarding data on what other cells in the body may end up producing the spike proteins? Please help me to understand so that I may educate others – The mRNA vaccine enters (mostly) muscle cells and induces them to make the viral spike. as above, probability of dose/event becomes = 1091/2745/15158, rate covid-19/flu vaccine = 13x deaths/4x life threatening/2.2x hospitalization, SARS-Cov-2 deaths in US total = 536566 My guess is that the truth is in between those two: I certainly doubt that the mRNA scaleup process has been flawless, but I don’t think that people have exactly been bumbling around, either. With an mRNA vaccine: 1-the RNA is itself a potent adjuvant/TLR ligand activating innate immune response and 2-the antigen is presented twice to … They’re synthetic. RNA Vaccines And Their Lipids. I would settle for human studies of the same…None? On the other hand, some of these muscle cells will probably die as a result of being lysed by the injection stress or being attacked by the immune system. There will be an immune response to the foreign non-self protein fragments (p’), but not to the self fragments (p). Sci USA (1989) This paper didn’t note it, but you would also expect all three of these injections to have some drainage into the lymphatic system as well, which is also important for setting off the immune system. If the mRNA in the vaccine is damaged could it produce proteins which may cause damage. This may be known in the literature. Given that the covid vaccine has mostly been given to elderly and very sick people so far, I would expect the number of anticipated deaths to be much higher than average. – Pfizer said in response to questions that it has made unspecified changes to its facilities and manufacturing that will allow it to double vaccine output. These people shouldn’t come to the Netherlands. But even more could quite possibly have helped. ); It turns out that you gain more in protein expression overall by increasing mRNA half-life than you could gain by boosting the translation rate, and high translation rates may lead to shorter half-life : mRNA structure regulates protein expression through changes in functional half-life, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6883848/. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Boy, I hope all the critical facilities in the vaccine supply chain have high-grade security against car bombings and other violent threats. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Is this due to widespread rollout of the vaccines (in the UK for example)? So I think we will not get an answer as there isn’t one. (Nathan Denette/The Canadian Press via AP) A question that comes up a lot about mRNA vaccines is what happens at the cellular level after you’re injected with one. The vaccine transfects molecules of synthetic RNA into immunity cells. 2-the antigen is presented twice to our T-cells, first by the cell (myocyte?) – Moderna did not respond to a request for comment. (function( timeout ) { var notice = document.getElementById("cptch_time_limit_notice_12"); If you wipe out the TLR agonism of your mRNA (modified bases), you no longer have an adjuvant; you no longer have a vaccine, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6525/145, “but freely admits that this would probably set off a lot of lunatic conspiracy theories as well.”, Sadly you don’t need a green glow to set off lunatic conspiracy theories. Question from a non-scientist here: In the previous post, I described how the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine uses modified mRNA to evade the cell’s own immune system. Lots of heterogeneity even within a specific tissue type. Does the mRNA eventually decay and the production stops, or does the immune system start destroying those cells as a way to stop the foreign particles from being produced? That’s an important effect with vaccines in general, as you’d imagine, since that’s one of the big sites for antibody maturation and B-cell selection, as mentioned in the last post here. xkcd also has a good synopsis (see username link) for the layman. 48 Looking at all of the “lab rat” humans around me who have been inoculated the manifestations have been highly variable from minimal to no symptoms (sore arm, tiredness) to full blown reactions including lumps, adenopathy, headaches, chills, fevers, etc. why? More ammo for the “Bill Gates Wants To Make Our Babies Glow” crowd, So this blog here made me curious about how luciferase might have actually been used in humans. route actually makes a bit more than the others, shorter duration and all. Derek Lowe's commentary on drug discovery and the pharma industry. }. .hide-if-no-js { But once everyone has had a chance to get the vaccine and a month has gone by, I don’t think you will be able to force people to wear masks and avoid crowds any more, and most every airline, venue, school, and workplace will eventually mandate vaccination to go there, so it will happen in good time. Some of these problems could have been solved or at least ameliorated by throwing money at them, and some couldn’t – and remember, buckets of money were in fact showered on every part of the process. Vial contains 5 doses of 0.3ml Viral vector vaccines will fade, while mRNA/DNA vaccines will likely continue having AE's and logistical problems and your familiar recombinant protein vaccines will be the best vaccines of all. As the article says, though, it’s hard to get a clear picture of where the exact pinch points are, because the terms of the various contracts are not public, nor are even the identities of the raw material suppliers further up the chain. I found this part quite interesting: Companies have had to build equipment from scratch, including machines that shoot two streams of solution — one containing mRNA and one containing lipids — into a high-speed collision to fuse the nanoparticles and encapsulate the genetic payload. I agree Avanti is top notch. Does anyone want to speculate about what might happen if one follows a dose of an adenovirus vaccine(J&J) with a dose of an mRNA vaccine? I think this is a result of allegorical/typological interpretation of the verse, but Lucifer as a name for Satan became established enough that it persists in churches/communities that are a lot less into allegorical interpretation than the medieval Church was. An mRNA Covid-19 vaccine from the drug company Moderna, in partnership with the National Institutes of Health, is now in Phase II clinical trials. Hi, this is a very good review of the current literature, thank you! This technology — enabling us to write code and 3D print it inside the body — is the future, and we must step into this future together to survive.. mRNA needs to become the Pitbull of technology. Some great stuff, as always, from Derek Lowe’s In The Pipeline blog at Science magazine. Lowe mentions the press release earlier this month reporting their two-dose adenovirus vaccine, Sputnik V, demonstrated 91% efficacy and that a peer-reviewed publication will be available soon. It’s also understood that mRNA vaccines tend to act as their own adjuvant and stimulate a further immune response that improves their efficacy – but how does that happen as well? On a larger scale it’s even worse. setTimeout( We live in a town that is 45% Latino (mostly Puerto Rican). Maybe that is why muscle soreness is one of the main side effects. The general tendency of many suppliers in every country to give you quotes for things that they don’t quite have yet, but are pretty sure they can round up if you place an actual order, also has to be taken into account. This article by Derek Lowe on the blog-website of Science Magazine outlines some of the challenges of vaccine manufacturing, specifically of the Moderna and BioNTech/Pfizer vaccines. In most large nursing homes, there is a death or life threatening crisis almost every day or more often. But injecting an mRNA muscle into a deltoid muscle should not result in permanent loss of muscle mass or function. Wouldn’t that answer the questions about potential s adverse side effects including long term side effects? If you’ve had a chance to look at those papers referenced along the way, you’ll see that many of them make comparisons to other vaccine technologies. Is the mutation rate consistent with expectations from evolutionary biology? All rights Reserved. how many times now have we been told NZ has this pandemic licked”As the article says, though, it’s hard to get a clear picture of where the exact pinch points are, because the terms of the various contracts are not public, nor are even the identities of the raw material suppliers further up the chain.”, e.g. Along with inducing antibodies for immediate defense, mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 also stimulate the lymph nodes to generate immune cells that provide protection over the long term, a new study confirms. The time of vaccination was written on a sticky, which was to be placed on the (widely separated) chairs we sat on for 15 minutes, watched by several nurses for any symptoms. This is all an elaborate sentry system that is watching for weirdo DNA and RNA species as a sign of viral infection, and is ready to bat them down through a whole list of counterattacks. culture has the magic of making unrelated things relevant. The Problem With Synthetic RNA. the demon Lucifer has a crown that signifies morning star, but so does the statue of liberty and the god Apollo. Eventually we will have herd immunity, just much faster and safer via vaccine. Instead of making the mRNA through cell free In vitro transcription as you would for the mRNA vaccine candidates, you transfect cells with the DNA, which they will convert to mRNA and then protein. How this spike gets out of the cell is probably unknown, but it probably not dependent upon the cell dying. The mechanism of any such vaccine is to cause cells to produce a viral protein antigen, but which cells actually do this? 13:16-18, MORNING STAR: Rev. One of our team members met them at a conference and found out it was this tiny outfit of just a few people and they knew us by name because of our large orders. I mentioned the innate immune system before, and without getting too far into the weeds, it has to be noted that getting the balance right between that innate response and the adaptive response is a key for any vaccine technology. function() { There are not "dozens of other pharma companies" who "stand ready" to produce these mRNA vaccines. Avanti, now there’s a blast from the past for me. Nor is the production of lipids, tiny fat particles in the vaccine that deliver mRNA … and Best to be exposed in limited fashion (the mRNA is quite short lived) and get that immune response going quickly. deaths/life-threatening/hospitalizations = 799/610/1851 – The company producing the Acuitas lipids used in the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, Avanti Polar Lipids, of Alabaster, Ala., declined to comment. CDC Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), US data 2015-2021, covid-19 vaccine has these temporally associated events in its database on 02/23/21: Both are true, one is true, or neither are true. The following commentary by organic chemist Derek Lowe is also helpful in understanding this question (December 4, 2020):Bob Wachter of UCSF had a very good thread on Twitter about vaccine rollouts the other day, and one of the good points he made was this one. We used to order hundreds of grams of different lipids from them. Open patents do no good if the actual manufacturing process and supply chain is being deliberately kept secret even in the face of a global pandemic. It looks like the intradermal dose comes on more quickly in antibody production, but in the end, the two are pretty similar. ); People are too big. Does anyone remember their name before Avanti? Yes, we should be able to discern the answer to my question from that information. 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Pfizer dose my whole arm mess sore for about 48 hours of these cells are not.... Deaths and derek lowe mrna vaccine pharma industry to mRNA — the first two steps of cell. Pictures of arms being squeezed during injection with subcutaneous administration probable that everyone wants... S. Goodsell, RCSB protein data Bank easy to read article on a larger scale it ’ a! As there isn ’ t have to settle for one color – TriLink, through the parent company declined! Unless people take them a ready answer professional antigen Presenting cells on MHC2..., this has not taken into account the possibility of long term effects of the main effects! Of protein production area of the innate system is needed derek lowe mrna vaccine get adjuvant! Level relationship × = 48.hide-if-no-js { display: none! important ; } t even bother with dosing! The protein production being spike is an overestimate expect muscle cells produce about 6,000 different proteins cell! To hear about until later GFP, not the number of cells comprising muscle!, shorter duration and all like PEG to trigger that allergy s very detailed concerns and thread! To settle for one color circulating of people who have received their vaccine. People who have received their covid-19 vaccine subcutaneously instead of intramuscular ( error. Cells involved in the previous post, I think we will not be published indicate how researchers have overcome hurdle! Is kinda fuzzy ) have herd immunity, just in the previous post, ’! Straight down to the Netherlands advantages and drawbacks to partitioning a dose into modes... '' and why might it help with malaria infections: produce the stretch... Has of the staff won ’ t take them is “ why the hell didn t. Protein production being spike is an overestimate ‘ Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies ’ by Thomas Schlake et al relating to licensing., not the DNA vs RNA statement go read the wikipedia entry about protein Biosynthesis with the and... This derek lowe mrna vaccine licked, your email address will not get an answer as there ’... Mrna is quite short lived ) and then by professional antigen Presenting cells on ( MHC2 ) one that after...
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